DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF MAMMARY GLAND IN SHEEP – A REVIEW

Abstract

The health of the mammary gland in animals is of paramount importance both to milk productivity and to the whole organism. The term "mastitis" refers to inflammation of the mammary gland. It is characterized by pathological changes in the parenchyma, duct system and interstitial connective tissue, leading to changes in the composition and qualities of milk. Due to its high prevalence, mastitis is considered the most important threat to dairy industry, because of its impact on animal health and milk production. The aims of this paper are to consider mammary gland defenses, including anatomical and histological features, the role of immunoglobulins and mammary epithelial cells, functions of leukocytes, lactoferrin, different enzymes such as lysozyme and lactoperoxidase, chemical antibacterial agents and complement system. As well as the factors influencing the defensive functions of the gland, such as nutrition, milking method, genetic factors and udder conformation.